A previsão do mercado financeiro para o Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA) – considerado a inflação oficial do país – teve elevação, passando de 3,81% para 3,82% este ano.
A estimativa está no Boletim Focus desta quinta-feira (15), pesquisa divulgada semanalmente pelo Banco Central (BC) com a expectativa de instituições financeiras para os principais indicadores econômicos.
Para 2025, a projeção da inflação também subiu de 3,5% para 3,51%. Para 2026 e 2027, as previsões são de 3,5% para os dois anos.
A estimativa para 2024 está dentro do intervalo da meta de inflação que deve ser perseguida pelo BC. Definida pelo Conselho Monetário Nacional (CMN), a meta é de 3% para este ano, com intervalo de tolerância de 1,5 ponto percentual para cima ou para baixo. Ou seja, o limite inferior é 1,5% e o superior 4,5%. Para 2025 e 2026, as metas de inflação estão fixadas em 3%, com a mesma tolerância.
Em janeiro, pressionada pela alta dos alimentos, a inflação do país foi de 0,42%, abaixo do apurado em dezembro, de 0,56%, de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Em 12 meses, o IPCA soma 4,51%.
Juros básicos
Para alcançar a meta de inflação, o Banco Central usa como principal instrumento a taxa básica de juros – a Selic – definida em 11,25% ao ano pelo Comitê de Política Monetária (Copom). O comportamento dos preços já fez o BC cortar os juros pela quinta vez consecutiva, em um ciclo que deve seguir com cortes de 0,5 ponto percentual nas próximas reuniões.
Em comunicado, o Copom indicou que esse é o ritmo apropriado para manter a política monetária contracionista “necessária para o processo desinflacionário”. O órgão informou que a interrupção dos cortes dependerá do cenário econômico “de maior prazo”.
De março de 2021 a agosto de 2022, o Copom elevou a Selic por 12 vezes consecutivas, num ciclo de aperto monetário que começou em meio à alta dos preços de alimentos, de energia e de combustíveis. Por um ano, de agosto de 2022 a agosto de 2023, a taxa foi mantida em 13,75% ao ano, por sete vezes seguidas.
Antes do início do ciclo de alta, a Selic tinha sido reduzida para 2% ao ano, no nível mais baixo da série histórica iniciada em 1986. Por causa da contração econômica gerada pela pandemia de covid-19, o Banco Central tinha derrubado a taxa para estimular a produção e o consumo. A taxa ficou no menor patamar da história de agosto de 2020 a março de 2021.
Para o mercado financeiro, a Selic deve encerrar 2024 em 9% ao ano. Para o fim de 2025, a estimativa é que a taxa básica caia para 8,5% ao ano e se mantenha nesse patamar em 2026 e 2027.
Quando o Copom aumenta a taxa básica de juros, a finalidade é conter a demanda aquecida, e isso causa reflexos nos preços, porque os juros mais altos encarecem o crédito e estimulam a poupança. Mas, além da Selic, os bancos consideram outros fatores na hora de definir os juros cobrados dos consumidores, como risco de inadimplência, lucro e despesas administrativas. Desse modo, taxas mais altas também podem dificultar a expansão da economia.
Quando o Copom diminui a Selic, a tendência é que o crédito fique mais barato, com incentivo à produção e ao consumo, reduzindo o controle sobre a inflação e estimulando a atividade econômica.
PIB e câmbio
A projeção das instituições financeiras para o crescimento da economia brasileira neste ano permaneceu em 1,6%. Para 2025, a expectativa para o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) – a soma de todos os bens e serviços produzidos no país – é de crescimento de 2%. Para 2026 e 2027, o mercado financeiro projeta expansão do PIB também em 2%, para os dois anos.
Superando as projeções, no terceiro trimestre do ano passado a economia brasileira cresceu 0,1%, na comparação com o segundo trimestre de 2023, de acordo com o IBGE. Entre janeiro e setembro, a alta acumulada foi de 3,2%.
Com o resultado, o PIB está novamente no maior patamar da série histórica, ficando 7,2% acima do nível de antes da pandemia, registrado nos três últimos meses de 2019. Os dados do quarto trimestre de 2023, com o consolidado do ano, serão divulgados pelo IBGE em 1º de março.
No caso do dólar, a previsão de cotação está em R$ 4,92 para o fim deste ano. No fim de 2025, a previsão é que a moeda americana fique em R$ 5.
*Com informações do portal Agência Brasil
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