A previsão do mercado financeiro para o Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA) – considerado a inflação oficial do país – teve aumento, passando de 4,12% para 4,2% este ano. A estimativa está no Boletim Focus desta segunda-feira (12), pesquisa divulgada semanalmente pelo Banco Central (BC) com a expectativa de instituições financeiras para os principais indicadores econômicos.
Para 2025, a projeção da inflação variou de 3,98% para 3,97%. Para 2026 e 2027, as previsões são de 3,6% e 3,5%, respectivamente.
A estimativa para 2024 está acima da meta de inflação, mas ainda dentro de tolerância, que deve ser perseguida pelo BC. Definida pelo Conselho Monetário Nacional (CMN), a meta é 3% para este ano, com intervalo de tolerância de 1,5 ponto percentual para cima ou para baixo. Ou seja, o limite inferior é 1,5% e o superior 4,5%.
A partir de 2025, entrará em vigor o sistema de meta contínua, assim, o CMN não precisa mais definir uma meta de inflação a cada ano. O colegiado fixou o centro da meta contínua em 3%, com margem de tolerância de 1,5 ponto percentual para cima ou para baixo.
Em julho, puxado principalmente pelo preço da gasolina, passagens de avião e energia elétrica, a inflação do país foi 0,38%, após ter registrado 0,21% em junho. De acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticas (IBGE), em 12 meses, o IPCA acumula 4,5%, no limite superior da meta de inflação.
Juros básicos
Para alcançar a meta de inflação, o Banco Central usa como principal instrumento a taxa básica de juros, a Selic, definida em 10,5% ao ano pelo Comitê de Política Monetária (Copom). Diante de um ambiente externo adverso e do aumento das incertezas econômicas, na última reunião no fim de julho, o BC decidiu pela manutenção da Selic, pela segunda vez seguida, após um ciclo de sete reduções que foi de agosto de 2023 a maio de 2024.
De março de 2021 a agosto de 2022, o Copom elevou a Selic por 12 vezes consecutivas, em um ciclo de aperto monetário que começou em meio à alta dos preços de alimentos, de energia e de combustíveis. Por um ano, de agosto de 2022 a agosto de 2023, a taxa foi mantida em 13,75% ao ano, por sete reuniões seguidas. Com o controle dos preços, o BC passou a realizar os cortes na Selic.
Antes do início do ciclo de alta, em março de 2021, a Selic tinha sido reduzida para 2% ao ano, no nível mais baixo da série histórica iniciada em 1986. Por causa da contração econômica gerada pela pandemia de covid-19, o Banco Central tinha derrubado a taxa para estimular a produção e o consumo. O índice ficou no menor patamar da história de agosto de 2020 a março de 2021.
Para o mercado financeiro, a Selic deve encerrar 2024 no patamar que está hoje, em 10,5% ao ano. Para o fim de 2025, a estimativa é que a taxa básica caia para 9,75% ao ano. Para 2026 e 2027, a previsão é que ela seja reduzida, novamente, para 9% ao ano, para os dois anos.
Quando o Copom aumenta a taxa básica de juros a finalidade é conter a demanda aquecida, e isso causa reflexos nos preços porque os juros mais altos encarecem o crédito e estimulam a poupança. Mas, além da Selic, os bancos consideram outros fatores na hora de definir os juros cobrados dos consumidores, como risco de inadimplência, lucro e despesas administrativas. Desse modo, taxas mais altas também podem dificultar a expansão da economia.
Quando o Copom diminui a Selic, a tendência é que o crédito fique mais barato, com incentivo à produção e ao consumo, reduzindo o controle sobre a inflação e estimulando a atividade econômica.
PIB e câmbio
A projeção das instituições financeiras para o crescimento da economia brasileira neste ano se manteve em 2,2%. Para 2025, a expectativa para o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) – a soma de todos os bens e serviços produzidos no país – é crescimento de 1,92%. Para 2026 e 2027, o mercado financeiro estima expansão do PIB em 2%, para os dois anos.
Superando as projeções, em 2023 a economia brasileira cresceu 2,9%, com um valor total de R$ 10,9 trilhões, de acordo com o IBGE. Em 2022, a taxa de crescimento foi 3%.
A previsão de cotação do dólar está em R$ 5,30 para o fim deste ano. No fim de 2025, a previsão é que a moeda americana fique nesse mesmo patamar.
Fonte: Agência Brasil
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